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1. と (to)
2. も (mo)
3. も…も (mo…mo)
4. や
5. や…や…など (ya…ya…nado)
6. に (ni)
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7. とか (toka)
8. やら (yara)
9. て (te)
10a-b. たり…たり (-tari…-tari)
11. ては (tewa)
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1. と (to)
Indicates a connection between nouns that form a list of two or more items. The list is complete ; that is, there are no other items that could be added to it (which contrasts to some of the other particles given in this section, which present partial lists that could be added to if the speaker chose to do so). に (6) is similar to と in that it presents a complete list, but it has a more formal sound to it. English equivalent “and.”
i) 教室には先生と生徒がいます。
There are students and a teacher in the classroom.
ii) 大統領と副大統領がその会議に出席した。
The President and the Vice President attended that meeting.
2. も (mo)
Indicates that the noun it follows is connected (or similar) in some way to something else already mentioned. The first item was not followed by も; the second item is. Compare this with も• • •も (3), where both of the items to be mentioned are given in the same sentence and each is followed by も. English equivalent: “also,” “too.”
i) 山田さんは、来月米国へ行きます。私も近いうちに行くつもりです。
Yamada-san is going to the United States next month. I also plan to go before long.
ii)
弘子：明日のコンサート、香も来るの？
美穂：香は来ないわ。
Hiroko: Is Kaori also coming to the concert tomorrow?
Miho: No, she won’t be coming.
3. も…も (mo…mo)
Like と (1), も…も indicates that a connection exists between nouns that form a complete list of two or more items, but unlike と, も…も places emphasis on each of the items . It is identical to も (2) except that here both items are followed by も, whereas in 2 only the second item is followed by it . English equivalent: “both.”
i) 私はみかんもりんごも好きです。
I like both mikan oranges and apples.
ii) この手紙を松本さんにも、谷さんにも、送るつもりだ。
I intend to send this letter both to Matsumoto-san and to Tani-san.
4. や (ya)
Indicates that a connection exists between two or more nouns that form a list of items. や is therefore similar to と (to) and も…も (mo mo), but it is different in that the list could be added to if the speaker wished to do so: that is, the list is only a partial list. English equivalent: ” … and … and … and such” or “things like … and ….”
i) 彼は昨晩、ビールや日本酒をかなり飲んだらしい。
Last night he apparently drank a lot of beer, sake, and other stuff.
ii) 昨日買い物に行って、セーターや靴を買った。
Yesterday I went shopping and bought a sweater, shoes, and some other things.
5. や…や…など (ya…ya…nado)
Indicates connections between nouns forming a list that could be added to if the speaker chose to do so. It is identical to や (4), except for the inclusion of など (“et cetera,” “and so forth”), which emphasizes the fact that the list is partial. English equivalent: ” … and … et cetera.”
i) 宴会の料理は、天ぷらや、すしや、さしみなどだった。
The food at the party was tempura, sushi, sashimi, etc.
ii) 昨夜のコンサートの曲目は、シューマンやショパンやシューベルトなどだった。
The music at the last night’s concert included Schumann, Chopin, and Schubert.
6. に (ni)
Like と (1), indicates a connection between two or more nouns to form a list that is complete in itself (unless, of course, the list ends with など [nado, “et cetera”; 5] as in the second example below), but this particle differs from と in that it has a formal resonance. English equivalent: “and.”
i)
田中：この大学には、どんな有名な教授がいるんですか。
鈴木：そうですね。経済学部の藤原教授に、法学部の田原教授に、理学部の湯川教授でしょうか。
Tanaka: What famous professors are there at this university?
Suzuki: Well, I suppose that would be Professor Fujiwara of the economics faculty, Professor Tahara of the law faculty, and Professor Yukawa of the science faculty.
ii)
客：今日はどんな料理がおすすめですか。
ウエートレス：ますにヒラメなどの魚料理はいかがですか？
Customer: What do you recommend today?
Waitress: How about fish, such as trout and flatfish?
7. とか (toka)
Indicates a connection between nouns, adjectives, and verbs to form a partial list of examples that could be added to if the speaker wished to do so. In that way, it is similar to や (4), but it is different in that it is more casual and in that や only connects nouns. とか is also similar to だの (dano) in casually connecting nouns, adjectives, and verbs in a partial list however, with the items given in the list often have a negative impact. とか is often followed by the verb する at the end of the clause or sentence, which is also the case with たり…たり… (10). Eng,lish equivalent: “and … and … and so on.”
i) 休みの日には、家に本を読むとか、テレビを見るとかしています。
I spend my holidays at home reading books, watching TV, and stuff.
ii)
孝：学生時代にどんな本を読みましたか？
光子：そうですね。夏目漱石とか、芥川龍之介とかはよく読みましたね。
Takashi: What kind of books did you read when you were a student?
Mitsuko: Let me see. I read a lot of Soseki Natsume and Ryunosuke Akutagawa and so on.
8. やら (yara)
Connects nouns, adjectives, and verbs in a partial list . It is similar to とか (7) in this respect but different in that the items it lists indicate a somewhat confused or disorganized state of affairs. English equivalent: “… and … and who knows what.”
i)
由香：京都旅行どうだった。
珠美：面白かったわよ。でもお寺やら、神社やら、たくさん見て疲れたわ。
Yuka: How was the trip to Kyoto?
Tamami: It was interesting. But I saw so many temples, shrines, and stuff that I got tired.
ii)
健二：昨日飲んだ？
義彦：ウイスキーやら、焼酎やら、ビールやら飲んで、今日はひどい二日酔いだよ。
Kenji: Did you drink yesterday?
Yoshihiko: What with drinking whiskey, shochu, beer, and who knows what, I’ve got a terrible hangover today.
9. て (te)
Connects two or more verbs or adjectives that are similar in grammatical function and that present a complete list of two or more items that cannot be added to. This contrasts with the particles 7–10, which play a role in presenting partial lists. The て form can also indicate a reason or cause. English equivalent: “and.”
i) 空が青くて、太陽が輝いている。
The sky is blue and the sun is shining.
ii) 明日はデパートで買い物をして、映画をみようと思っています。
Tomorrow I’m thinking of shopping at a department store and going to see a movie.
10a. たり…たり (tari…tari…)
Indicates that two or more verbs or adjectives have the same grammatical function and are connected by the たり form to constitute one set. In this way, it is similar to the て (-te) form discussed in 9 in connecting verbs or adjectives, but it is different in that this form hints that there are other verbs or adjectives which could be added to the list if one wished to. たり…たり is often followed by the verb する (suru), and in this respect is similar to とか (7). The たり form is made by adding り to the plain past form of a verb or adjective. English equivalent: “and … etc.”
i) 日曜日はゴルフをしたり、テニスをしたりして過ごします。
I spend Sundays playing golf, tennis, and doing other stuff.
ii) 旅行中は、美術館に行ったり、お土産を買ったりしました。
On the trip I did things like go to museums and buy presents to take back home.
10b. たり…たり (tari…tari…)
Indicates that two verbs or adjectives are connected to show a repetition of opposite actions or effects. This is similar to ては (11) in connecting verbs, but in たり…たり the verbs are not as tightly bound in terms of time or cause and effect.
i) 今週は寒かったり、暑かったりします。
This week, it’s been hot and cold, hot and cold.
ii) そんなに窓を開けたり閉めたりしないでください。
Could you stop opening and closing the window like that?
11. ては (tewa)
Connects two verbs whose actions are repeated and follow closely on one another . This closeness differentiates ては from たり…たり (10b), which can also show repeated actions. ては is also often followed by the verb する (suru). English equivalent: “and.”
i) 最近仕事が忙しくて、休日は疲れて、食べては寝て、食べては寝て、するだけだ。
These days I am so busy, and I am tired on the holidays, so I just eat and sleep, eat and sleep.
ii) 赤ちゃんは、ミルクを飲んでは寝、寝ては飲んで、だんだん大きくなっていくんですよ。
The baby drinks its milk and goes to sleep, goes to sleep and drinks its milk, and little by little grows bigger.
